Remarks y The choice of intervention format largely depends on available resources in the health system as well as individual preferences. y Although studies show that group CBT with a trauma focus and EMDR are more effective than stress management, in resource-constrained settings, the latter may be the more feasible option.

Implementation considerations y Brief psychological interventions can be delivered effectively in non-specialized health-care settings, as well as in other settings including specialized mental health care facilities and in the context of social care. y Face-to-face brief psychological interventions delivered by service providers are human resourceintensive because they require substantial provider time, training and supervision. y Task sharing has been found to be an effective approach to delivering brief psychological interventions. However, CBT with a trauma focus and EMDR can include complex techniques. The clinician using these techniques should also have received training in their provision and demonstrated competencies to provide them. The provider should have additional capacities to support the person receiving treatment, including (i) the ability to make differential diagnosis, (ii) problem-solving techniques and (iii) relaxation/ stabilizing techniques. Given the delicate and technical nature of EMDR, implementation by lay providers may carry risks. Lay providers should be comprehensively trained and closely supervised when providing any intervention for people experiencing conditions related to stress, including PTSD. y Integrating the provision of brief psychological interventions into primary care provides many advantages, including more holistic health care, increased accessibility of mental health services for people in need of care, opportunities for reducing the stigma of mental health problems and reduced costs. y Country adaptation and translation of training materials and tools for the provision of psychological interventions is essential. y Psychological interventions have shown to be effective for people of different ages and genders. y If all else is equal, group face-to-face interventions are less resource-intensive per person receiving care than individual face-to-face interventions. However, groups may be more difficult to organize and require an initial individual assessment for each group member and preparation of individuals for group treatment formats. y Stress management can often be provided through guided or unguided self-help formats. IT-based selfhelp interventions often require access to computers and/or smart phones, and sometimes the internet, which can make these interventions difficult to access for low-income individuals or those living in poverty. y Self-help books are less cost intensive but require sufficient literacy skills, which can be limited in various settings. Materials that rely on visual or audio media may be useful alternatives.