Implementation considerations Ensuring continuity of HIV treatment through supportive systems Reliable access to HIV care and a consistent supply of antiretroviral medications are essential for sustaining treatment adherence. Economic constraints are a significant barrier to adherence, and community-based support can play a critical role in helping individuals navigate and manage their treatment effectively. Targeted and timely adherence support To maximize impact, adherence support strategies should be directed towards individuals most at risk of poor adherence. Health care providers are encouraged to adopt a triaged approach – identifying those at risk and tailoring interventions to address their specific barriers. The initial months following diagnosis and treatment initiation are particularly critical, as disengagement from care is more likely during this period; early and targeted support during this period can improve long-term treatment outcomes (118). Adherence strategies should be responsive to changes in clients’ needs and barriers and should therefore be reassessed during normal clinical appointments. Personalized and differentiated adherence support Adherence interventions are enhancements to the standard of care and their application should aim to address expressed adherence barriers. Consideration should be given to combining or sequencing adherence interventions which have been adapted in terms of duration and intensity to suit the needs and preferences of the individual. Family members can be engaged to provide adherence support where consent is present. Further evidence and examples of peer support models for adolescents living with HIV can be found in the WHO Technical Brief on adolescent-friendly health services (119). Health system and provider support Health provider training and capacity building should be provided in key areas including person-centred approaches, stigma reduction, identifying adherence barriers and setting adherence goals. Opportunities for task-sharing across existing cadres and involving peers are an important part of adherence support but depend on policy and funding. Adherence support systems can be leveraged across comorbid conditions, including diabetes, hypertension and mental health, to improve efficiency and continuity of care. Digital and technological tools Digital adherence tools should be leveraged to provide education and literacy where feasible. The use of digital tools must be accompanied by strong data protection measures and clear informed consent processes to prevent unintended disclosure of HIV status. WHO guidelines on emerging digital health interventions provide evidence-based recommendations for various digital health interventions, including SMS-based strategies (120). Certain groups may face challenges in accessing digital technologies, in particular children and elderly people living with HIV: this highlights the importance of offering alternative options for adherence support (121). Promoting self-management and empowerment Fostering self-care and building capacity for self-management should be supported through simplified tools, education and empowerment strategies – particularly where health system capacity is limited.