Remarks Sputum includes expectorated and induced sputum. Studies assessing the impact of Xpert MTB/RIF on outcomes in children are lacking. The choice of the specimen will depend on the acceptability (for children, parents, health care workers and other stakeholders) and the feasibility of collecting and preparing specimens in the local context. Regarding Xpert MTB/RIF, the certainty of evidence is higher for sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirates than for other specimen types. The recommendation can be extrapolated for children living with HIV. The direct benefit from testing for rifampicin resistance in sputum (very low certainty of evidence for test accuracy) can be extrapolated to other specimens.