Remarks y Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): CBT for psychosis is usually based on an individualized case formulation and the establishment of collaborative goals with the people living with psychosis. Therapy components include the improvement of existing coping strategies, the development and practice of new ones, the modification of delusional beliefs and beliefs about hallucinations and the challenge of dysfunctional schemas. Adaptive views of self are strengthened, including the re-evaluation of negative beliefs about the self. y Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): A manualized third-generation behavioural therapy that incorporates acceptance and mindfulnessbased strategies to help people in overcoming negative thoughts and feelings. y Metacognitive training (MT): A group intervention whose aim is to make individuals aware of their cognitive biases by helping them to reflect on various cognitive biases and their role in the formation and maintenance of psychopathology. These individuals are then encouraged to discuss these biases and their implications with the help of real-life examples and practical exercises. It is presumed that when the individuals gain insight into their biases and relationship with psychopathology, they will challenge their beliefs and, thus, avoid the automatic cognitive traps. y Mindfulness-based interventions (MF): The intervention consists of guided meditation followed by reflective group discussion aimed at facilitating understanding, or metacognitive insight. During meditation, participants bring full awareness to difficult voices, feelings, thoughts and images, and also become aware of habitual coping reactions, safety behaviours and their effects. In meditation they practice letting go of these reactions and learn to observe and allow psychotic experiences to come and go without reacting. Meditation and discussion lead to insight that struggling, judging and ruminating on psychotic experience creates distress, while mindful observation and acceptance of psychotic experience is empowering and calming. y Hallucination focused integrative treatment (HFIT): This treatment integrates motivational interventions, training in coping skills, CBT, operant conditioning and single-family therapy with medicine, psychoeducation and rehabilitation. y Experience focused counselling (EFC): EFC aims to make sense of the voice-hearing experience within the person’s life context and supporting the person in learning to better deal with the experience as part of a recovery process. The intervention attempts to answer who and what problems the voices represent, also by uncovering traumatic life connections to voices. y Integrating the provision of psychological interventions into primary care provision and other general and social care facilities has many advantages, including more holistic health care, increased accessibility for people in need of mental health care, opportunities for reducing the stigma of mental health problems and reduced costs.

Implementation considerations y CBT requires specific training which may not be available in all LMICs. y Differences in mental health infrastructure and resources should be considered. y Variations in cultural context should be considered. There may be acceptability issues. y Country adaptation and translation of training materials and tools for the provision of psychological interventions is essential. y Face-to-face psychological interventions delivered by service providers is human resource-intensive as they require substantial provider time, training and supervision. y For the safe implementation of psychological interventions among people with psychosis by non-specialized professionals, supervision by a mental health specialist is an important aspect that should be considered and planned prior to commencement (209).